Health and Hygiene

HEALTH AND HYGIENE 

Health is a state of complete physical and mental well -being . A healthy person is one  whose body and mind are completely fit. to stay healthy , we should 

1.Have balance diet.

2.protect ourselves  from  diseases

3.Exercise regularly .

4.Maintain hygiene

5.Take adequate rest and sleep .

Component of food :

We eat different types of food .Food contains some essential substances called nutrients  there are five nutrients ( Carbohydrates, fats , Proteins, vitamins and minerals . It also contain roughage and water ). our body needs all these components in right proportion to stay healthy

Carbohydrates : Carbohydrates gives us energy. Sugar and starch are two main types of carbohydrates ,cereals, fruits , corns ,potato and  honey are some sources of carbohydrates we need carbohydrates to do physical work.

 

Fats:

like carbohydrates, fats also give us energy in facts , fats give more energy than carbohydrates , Vegetables oil, milk, butter, ghee, cheese, cream and dry fruits are some sources of fats. Eating too much  fat can be harmful. Excess eating of fatty food can make us obese( fat) .Obesity can cause diabetes and heart disease. Fats and carbohydrates both give us energy, thus these are called energy giving foods.

 

Proteins :

Proteins help us to grow. We need proteins for growth, building of muscles and repairing of worn out tissues. Proteins are also called body building food, milk cheese , chicken,fish, eggs pulses and soya bean are rich in proteins growing children, men women   needs  more proteins . 

 

Vitamins : 

Vitamins help our body fight against disease and keep us  healthy .Fruits, eggs, fishes and green leafy vegetables are some sources of vitamins

Minerals:

 

minerals keep our body healthy and fit. They make the bones  and muscles strong and also maintain the normal  functioning of our body ,Iron, calcium, iodine and phosphorous are some important minerals needed by our body. green leafy vegetables, fruits, milk eggs and salt are rich sources of minerals

Vitamins and minerals  are called protective foods because they protects our body from various diseases. only a little amount of vitamins and minerals is rewired by our body 

Roughage and water :

Our body need  Proper amount of roughage and water. Roughage are fibers present in  our food .They help in moving the food easily through our digestive system and removal of undigested food from our body. Some sources of roughage  are whole grains (cereals), green leafy vegetables and fruits.Almost two third of our body is made up of  water . Water helps in removing wastes from the body through sweat and urine . It also helps to maintains the temperature of the body. thus We should drink a lot of water 

Balance diet:

A diet that contains the right proportion of  different nutrients , roughage, and water needed for the proper functioning of our body is called balance diet.

Preserving nutrients of food:

The Food, we eat should be properly washed ,cooked and stored so that its nutritional value is not lost

1.Fruit and vegetables ,when eaten raw, should be washed properly and make them free from dust and chemicals 

2.Food should be cooked with care so that its nutrients  are not lost. overcooking  destroys the nutrients of food.

3.Raw and cooked food  should  be stored properly otherwise they get spoilts due to germs.

4.Food can be stored in refrigeration for a few days in deep freezer  for several weeks

other method of preservation of food are dehydration, canning, salting, sweetening ,pickling and adding preservatives.

Disease:

Diseases is a condition in which our body or  a part of it does not function properly generally, diseases are two types Non- communicable and    communicable

1.Non-Communicable Disease:The disease that not spread from one person to another person are called non communicable disease  .Some non communicable disease are caused due to the lack of nutrients like carbohydrates, fats, proteins, vitamins or minerals in our diet .These are called deficiency disease. Some are the deficency disease are given below :

• Marsmus: This disease is caused by deficiency of proteins carbohydrates and fats .Symptoms   of the disease is  the child becomes so thin that loose fold of skin can be seen all over the body. the ribs of the child are visible  so child take ,rice, wheat potatoes, maize , honey to prevent this disease .

 

• Kwashiorkor: This disease is cause by the deficiency   of  proteins  symptoms of this disease  the abdomen of the child gets swollen and gets bulges out . The legs become thin  prevention of this disease  to include  eggs, fish ,meat pulses  in  child diet 
• Anemia (Very low number of red blood cells in the blood ) :This disease  is caused by the deficiency of iron  Symptoms of this disease is extreme fatigue, weakness ,pale skin prevention: add eggs, pulses, dates ,green leafy vegetables like spinach in the diet .

• Goitre : This  disease is caused by the  deficiency of  iodine  in the diet  symptoms : of the disease swelling  of the thyroid gland present near the neck region  prevention " include Fish, sea food  iodised salt in the diet food.

 

• Improper development of bones and teeth: this disease is caused by deficiency of calcium and phosphorus  Symptoms : The bones and the theet become week and brittle Prevention :Include milk, grren leafy vegetables, meat, fish, pulses nuts  in the diet
• Night Blindness: this disease is caused by the deficiency of Vitamin A symptoms : A person cannot see in dim light Prevention : Carrat ,milk, papaya, eggs green leafy vegetables like spinach
• Beriberi: This disease is caused by the deficiency of  vitamins B Symptoms : skin become dry and scaly, extreme weakness, affects the nervous system and muscles  prevention : Milk, eggs meat, green leafy vegetables like cereals 
• Scurvy: This disease is caused  by the deficiency of vitamin C symptoms : swelling and bleeding gums  Prevention : include Amla, tomatoes and citrus fruits like lemon and orange 

 

• Rickets :  This  disease is caused by due to the deficiency of  Vitamin D symptoms : Bow legs(bent legs) bending of the spine  prevention : include  milk fish, eggs sunlight.Some non- communicable  disease are caused by bad habits like smoking and drinking alcohol. smoking is the main cause of cancer .

• Communicable Disease : The disease that spread  from  one person to another are called communicable or infection disease. These disease are caused by microorganisms like bacteria, virus and protozoa.. Disease causing microorganisms are called germs  some of the communicable disease caused by the   microorganism are as follows:
• Bacteria : Causes the disease like : cholera, pmeumonia, tuberculosis, typhoid. plague,meningitis
• Virus: Common cold ,Covid-19, flu, polio, chickenpox, measles, AIDS
• Protozoa: causes ;Malaria ,dysentery 
• Spread of communicable disease : microorganism are present in air, water and food . They spread from a sick person to a healthy person and causes diseases this happen in the following ways .
• Through  water :When a sick person coughs, sneezes or spits germs are released into the air  when a healthy person breaths this air, the germs enter his/hers body and make him/ her sick. common cold diphtheria, viral fever(flu), whooping cough and tuberculosis  spread through air 
• Regular hand washing and keeping away from the infected person can prevent common cold and corona virus covid-19.
• Through contaminated  food and Water : Food and water may get contaminated with germs when they are not stored properly. Eating contaminated food and drinking contaminated water cause diseases. diarrhoea  , typhoid, jaundice and cholera spread through contaminated food and water 
• Through direct contact: When healthy person comes in contact with an infected person his/her clothing or other things  used by him /her , he /she may get infected .Chicken pox ringworm and common cold, covid-19 spread through direct contact.
• Through insects : Various blood sucking insects such as  mosquitoes and fleas can spread various diseases like malaria ,dengue and plague. when a female Anopheles mosquito bits a sick person suffering from malaria  it sucks the malaria germs along with the blood  of the sick person. When it bites a healthy person, the malaria germs pass into the victim's blood and make him/her sick. Similarly aedes mosquitoes spread dengue and rat fleas spread plague.
• Prevention of Communicable disease : 
• The various ways to prevent communicable diseases are below :
• We should bathe daily with soap and clean water to keep ourselves clean.
• the house should be disinfected .The house  should have  window  and open space s to get proper sunlight because sunlight is a natural disinfectant 
• Drinking water should  be clean and pure .Always use filtered and boiled water 
• The surrounding should be neat and clean. water should not stagnate in the surroundings because it may become the breeding ground for mosquitoes and  flies .
• Garbage should always kept in covered vins 
• The children should be vaccinated timely against disease like tuberculosis, diphtheria and hepatitis 
• Hygiene:
•  Hygiene may be defied as good habits that ensure cleanliness and good health. Proper hygiene helps us prevent diseases. Some steps to maintain hygiene are as follows 
• We should wash our hands with soap and water before eating and after going to the toilet  
• We should bath daily to remove dust, dead cells and germs from the body .
• We should brush or teeh twice daily in the morning and before going to sleep at night 
• we should cut our nails regularly.
• Kitchen floor, toilet and bathroom should be regularly cleaned with disinfectants
• we should keep the food properly covered
• we should keep our surroundings clean.
• there should  be wire screens or net on the door and window of the houses to prevent the entry of flies, mosquitoes,etc